GEOLOGY

Geological PhD research is relevant to society through its contributions to a better understanding of geological processes and abiotic nature (geosystem services). This covers the interaction between the climate and the natural environment over time, the shaping and use of the landscape, and sustainable and environmentally adapted use of geological resources, including groundwater.

SOIL - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

The relevance to society of biogeochemistry and plant nutrition is linked to the management of soil as a resource, related to improved and safe environmentally-friendly food production, handling contaminants, carbon storage and regulation of greenhouse gas emissions. Soil is important to the entire ecosystem in order to regulate the effects of a changed climate and land use. PhD research will cover the interaction between soil and other elements, and how knowledge about soil is important in order to understand processes in the ecosystem that affect society globally;e.g. drinking water quality and soil quality in relation to food production.

LIMONOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

Water-related research within the PhD programme will be of great relevance to ecosystem-based water management, and a cohesive approach to national and international challenges associated with water resources and water contamination. Freshwater is a limited resource that is affected by changes in weather and climate conditions. The interaction between water balance and water quality is crucial in this respect. Implementation of the EU's Water Framework Directive has recently brought this issue to the fore, and the reference state and pollution levels are central issues.

 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY

Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology require exposure (chemistry) to a biological response (biology). This subject area is therefore of direct scientific relevance to management of the Pollution Control Act, the Radiation Protection Act, the EU's Water Framework Directive, etc. The Pollution Control Regulations were amended in 2012, and the term environmental contaminant now covers metals, organic compounds and radioactive substances. Research related to the discharge of environmental contaminants from different sources, transport and dispersal in different ecosystems, biological uptake and early effects on the level of individual, the population and the ecosystem, and assessment of consequences and risks are thus highly relevant to society.

The PhD programme in Environmental Sciences is a doctoral programme that will educate independent researchers of international calibre in conjunction with national and international research communities. The PhD programme will qualify students for research work and for other work where there are high demands on scientific insight. The PhD programme seeks to meet the current and future needs for competence in order to conduct research, development and dissemination at universities, other public and private institutions, enterprises and organisations.

KNOWLEDGE

On completion of the PhD programme in Environmental Sciences, new doctors are expected to:

• Have in-depth knowledge within their subject area in environmental sciences, and to be at the forefront of knowledge within their specific area of research.
• Have in-depth knowledge about scientific theories and methods associated with the field.
• Be able to assess and analyse different theories, methods and processes in research and scientific development projects ¿ also from an international perspective.
• Contribute to the development of new knowledge, new theories and methods in the field.

SKILLS

On completion of the PhD programme in Environmental Sciences, new doctors are expected to:

• Be able to formulate problems and hypotheses, plan and conduct research and scientific development work of high international calibre within their field.
• Know how to use the scientific equipment, instruments and analysis tools of their field of specialisation.
• Master relevant statistical methods and be able to assess the utility and limitations of different statistical methods.
• Have conducted original research that has led to new knowledge that can be published in international peer-reviewed journals.
• Be able to handle complexity, create an overview, and synthesise scientific information.
• Be able to perform critical assessments and give constructive criticism on scientific work in their field.
• Be able to handle criticism constructively, and address it.
• Be able to disseminate research results orally and in writing, in both scientific and popular scientific forums.

GENERAL COMPETENCE

On completion of the PhD programme in Environmental Sciences, new doctors are expected to:

• Be able to conduct their research with professional and ethical integrity, and be able to identify and evaluate relevant environmental and ethical issues.
• Be able to manage interdisciplinary tasks and projects.
• Be able to disseminate research and development work through recognised national and international channels, and participate in scientific debates within the subject area.
• Be able to disseminate the results of their research work to the business sector, the authorities and public administration, and to the general public through contact with the media.
• Be able to place own research in larger scientific and societal contexts.
• Be able to assess the need for and, if required, stimulate innovation in the field.
• Have some experience with teaching students within their subject area or area of specialisation when this is possible.

The PhD programme in Environmental Sciences offered at IMV shall qualify students for research of international standard and for other work in society where there are high demands on scientific insight and analytical thinking. Environmental Sciences builds on different disciplines that are combined and developed, often as a response to the emerging impact of environmental problems on society. The PhD programme in Environmental Sciences encompasses the subject areas of geology, soil (biogeochemistry and plant nutrition), water (limnology and hydrology) and environmental chemistry, ecotoxicology and radiation protection.

Based on a relevant master's degree, the PhD candidate will carry out an independent work of research that will lead to a scientific thesis of high academic quality. The candidate must learn critical thinking skills, how to disseminate knowledge, and academic collaboration. The PhD education will be provided in close interaction with a team of at least two supervisors who will assist the candidate in the process with issues related to theory, experiments and concepts, and the rest of the research community around the PhD student.

GEOLOGY

The programme will offer a broad scientific approach on complex geological processes in the landscape and the interaction between the natural environment and the climate over time, better exploitation of groundwater and mineral resources and flood reduction measures. The key words are paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, hydrogeology and agrogeology. The programme will offer a scientific focus on the paleoenvironment, the paleoclimate and geological resources.

SOIL (biogeochemistry and plant nutrition)

The programme will provide a broad scientific approach and in-depth expertise on complex biogeochemical processes in soil in the fields of soil chemistry, soil physics and soil biology in both cultivated and natural systems.

LIMNOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

The programme offers a broad scientific approach to key limnological and hydrological issues, especially processes linking watershed and freshwater systems. Key words: limnology, hydrology, freshwater biology, water chemistry, run-off. Scientific focus on biological, chemical and physical processes in freshwater systems within topics like eutrophication, primary production, natural organic material (humus), and lake dynamics, based on lake and sediment samples, and modelling tools. Limnology and hydrology are subjects that synthesise knowledge from a number of basic subject areas in biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, geology, pedology, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Environmental chemistry linked to ecotoxicology covers substances (e.g. metals, salts, organic compounds, radionuclides) in different ecosystems and processes that affect transport, biological uptake and effects on organisms in the environment in the short and long term. The programme links exposure (chemistry) to response (biology), and represents a broad scientific approach to the areas of environmental contaminants ¿ sources ¿ transport ¿ biological uptake ¿ early effects ¿ consequences and risk assessments. The programme will provide scientific specialisation in subjects that focus on environmental contaminants: sources, consequences and risk assessments, with emphasis on mechanisms, processes and kinetics. To reduce uncertainties associated with risk assessments, the focus will be on key factors that cause the greatest uncertainties. Research related to radioactivity in collaboration with other stressors is also a topic at the Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), NMBU's only Centre of Excellence, which has been established at IMV, and is financed by the Research Council of Norway (2013¿2022).

All PhD students must attend three regular seminars at the department, in accordance with section 9.1: an introductory seminar before submitting the application for approval of the education plan, a midterm assessment seminar about 1.5¿2 years into the PhD education, and a final seminar before submitting the doctoral thesis. The midterm assessment must be carried out in accordance with section 9.2. The seminars are considered part of the required education plan and the quality assurance of the PhD programme of study, and will give the students useful feedback for the work ahead.

PhD students must submit annual progress reports on a standard form. The first of these must be submitted 6 months after the start date, then every year. Deviations from the plan must be explained. The requirement of a progress report is set out in section 9.1. PhD students and supervisors share responsibility for progress.

The objectives and input to learning outcomes will be evaluated in the final instance by means of a trial lecture and public defence of the thesis. The required coursework is evaluated using different forms of evaluation, such as an oral or written examination, submitting assignments or a term paper. The content of the doctoral work and the required coursework is approved by the research committee, and the progress is monitored by means of annual progress reports and the compulsory seminars (introductory seminar, midway assessment seminar and final seminar). Other input to learning outcomes does not need to be evaluated, but the principal supervisor is responsible for ensuring that the objectives are met through relevant measures, scientific discussions and steps towards dissemination work within the time frame of the doctoral work.

The degree of philosophiae doctor (PhD) is conferred on the basis of:

• approved completion of the required coursework
• an approved doctoral thesis
• an approved trial lecture on a specified topic
• an approved public defence of the doctoral thesis (disputation)

See section 12.

There is extensive national and international collaboration among the research communities in environmental sciences at IMV, and they participate in a number of international research networks (e.g. EU projects). PhD students must be brought into such networks and collaboration along the same lines as other academic staff. Supervisors are responsible for ensuring that candidates are invited to relevant meetings and networks, and collaborate with research communities outside the department and NMBU.

PhD candidates are encouraged to take courses in the Nordic countries and elsewhere abroad, and to spend a period of time at a foreign research institution during their PhD contract.

 See PhD Regulations sections 5 and 6.

It is not possible to apply for the PhD education without being able to secure and document full funding for the entire period of admission. Therefore, most applicants to a PhD programme at NMBU, first apply for a position as a research fellow (within a relevant dicipline/field). The best option is to look for vacant research fellow positions at: http://www.nmbu.no/en/about-nmbu/positionshttp://www.nmbu.no/en/about-nmbu/positions

The general requirement for admission to the PhD programme of study in Environmental Sciences is a relevant master's degree. Other formal requirements are stipulated in NMBU's PhD Regulations. Candidates are thoroughly assessed in terms of academic qualifications and communication skills in English. Foreign applicants must document approved competence in written and oral English (see section 5.2).

MEANS OF ACQUIRING THE KNOWLEDGE

• Required coursework of a minimum of 30 credits that consists of a combination of compulsory and elective courses in the subject area, providing comprehensive in-depth competence. The required coursework will be adapted to the PhD student's individual specialisation in the subject area, based on his/her master's degree.
• Reading and keeping updated on literature within his/her field of specialisation.
• Work on the synthesis (i.e., the introductory chapter) of the thesis, where the candidate has independently written an introduction that provides a theoretical and practical background for the research work, discusses and justifies the choice and use of research methods and puts the results as a whole in an international perspective.
• Participation in national and international meetings and conferences.

MEANS OF ACQUIRING THE SKILLS

• Participating in planning and shaping the PhD project in detail and, if applicable, participating in the planning of new project applications.
• Supervision and own research, where the PhD student actively benefits from the competence of the supervisory team.
• Developing his/her own academic network outside the supervisory team.
• Attending courses and conferences when relevant.
• Working on publications, submissions to journals, handling remarks from referees, and working on the thesis.
• Participating in peer review of scientific manuscripts, giving feedback on colleagues' manuscripts, and attending seminars where the ideas and results of other PhD students and researchers are discussed.

MEANS OF ACHIEVING GENERAL COMPETENCE

• Taking a course on research ethics with a recommended scope of at least 5 credits.
• Supervision and own research
• Working on publications and the thesis.
• The trial lecture, by familiarising him/herself with a specified topic quickly, time management, searching for / electing / evaluating / processing information, giving an oral presentation.
• Presenting own research findings at national and international scientific conferences.
• Giving lectures to students and/or being a teaching assistant within his/her area of competence when this is possible.

IMV facilitates national and international exchanges. PhD candidates are encouraged to take international courses, and to spend a period of time at a foreign research institution during their PhD contract.