The course gives an introduction to environmental and resource economics (ERE). This consists of four parts: 1) The general model for the interactions between the economic and the ecological systems.

2) Models for optimal use of resources: i) Renewable/conditionally renewable resources. - Environmental resources - water-, air-, and soil quality (environmental economics). - Biological resources - fish, forest, wildlife populations (bioeconomic models). - Non-renewable resources - oil, gas, minerals.

3) Regulatory tools (environmental taxes, tradeable emission permit, etc.)

i) Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)/Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)/valuation of environmental goods

ii) Green accounting (at the national level - green national accounts, and firm level - triple bottom line: financial, ecological and ethical/corporate social responsibility).

4) Policies/regulatory measures. i) Decentralised policies (Liability laws, property rights, voluntary action).

ii) Command-and-control measures (laws, standards).

iii) Incentive-based measures (taxes, subsidies, tradable permits). Criteria for choice of policies:

The aim of ERE is socially optimal management of environment and natural resources maximizing social welfare. Part 1 reviews welfare theory and a general model for interaction between the economic and ecological systems, and how optimal resource management maximises the welfare of society. Part 2 reviews the specific models for socially optimal management of environmental resources, biological resources and non-renewable resources. If we are currently not at the socially optimal of the resource, we can identify alternative actions that may reach this goal. Part 3 reviews analytical tools that can be used to identify measures where social benefits exceeds social costs, which will bring us closer to the optimal amount of the resource. Part 4 discusses how to implement these profitable actions through the use of various policy measures. Often, specific combinations of the action and policy measure must be analysed, and combinations of measures are also considered. Policy measures are compared based on a list of criteria including their efficiency, fairness, incentives for long-run improvements, and enforceability.